HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ 1/HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ.iso/drugs/faq-tryptamines

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Newsgroups: alt.drugs,alt.drugs.chemistry,bionet.plants,bionet.mycology
Subject: Tryptamine FAQ (Last update - August 1994)
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 1994 07:48:44 GMT

TRYPTAMINE CARRIERS                                     Last update August 1994
===================
by Petrus Pennanen ([e-mail])
with help from Michael from Melbourne ([e-mail]).

Thanks to many individuals for help in putting this together!
If you know sources of tryptamines that are not mentioned here please mail us.

ORALLY AND PARENTERALLY ACTIVE PSYCHOTROPIC TRYPTAMINE DERIVATIVES
Based on McKenna & Towers 1984

            R4              R1
            |              /
      R5  // \       /\   N
        \//   \ ____/  \ / \
         |    ||   ||   |   R2
         |    ||   ||   |
         \\   /\   /    R3
          \\ /  \ /
                 N
                 H                                      Dosage  Route
Name of Compound         R1     R2     R3     R4     R5     (mg)    Oral/Par.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
tryptamine               H      H      H      H      H      100 *1  par/oral?
DMT (dimethyltryptamine) CH3    CH3    H      H      H      60      par
DET                      C2H5   C2H5   H      H      H      60      par/oral
DPT                      n-prop n-prop H      H      H      60      par/oral
DAT                      C3H5   C3H5   H      H      H      30      par/oral
DIPT                     i-prop i-prop H      H      H      30      oral
5-MeO-DIPT               i-prop i-prop H      H      OCH3   12      oral
5-MeO-DMT                CH3    CH3    H      H      OCH3   6       par
psilocin                 CH3    CH3    H      OH     H      12 *2   oral
CZ-74                    C2H5   C2H5   H      OH     H      15 *2   oral
serotonin                H      H      H      H      OH     100 *3  oral
bufotenine               CH3    CH3    H      H      OH     16 *4   par
IT-290                   H      H      CH3    H      H      30      oral
4-hydroxy-alfa-methyl-
tryptamine               H      H      CH3    OH     H      20 *3   oral
MP-809                   H      H      CH3    H      CH3    60 *5   oral
5-fluoro-alfa-methyl-
tryptamine               H      H      CH3    H      F      25 *6   oral
5-methoxy-alfa-methyl-
tryptamine               H      H      CH3    H      OCH3   3       oral
4-hydroxy-diisopropyl-
tryptamine               i-prop i-prop H      OH     H      12 *6   oral
4-hydroxy-N-isopropyl,
N-methyl-tryptamine      i-prop CH3    H      OH     H      6 *6    oral
N-t-butyl-tryptamine     H      t-butylH      H      H      ? *7    par?
3-(2-(2,5-dimethyl
pyrrolyl)ethyl)-indole                 H      H      H      ?       ?
5-alfa-DMT               CH3    CH3    CH3    H      H      ?       ?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data compiled from Kantor, et al. 1980; Shulgin 1976,1982; Shulgin&Carter 1980
*1 Autonomic symptoms; little central activity.
*2 The phosphate esters are psilocybin and CEY-19, respectively; both are
   stoichiometrically equivalent to the 4-hydroxy isomers.
*3 Cardiovascular and autonomic symptoms; little central activity.
*4 A pressor amine rather than a hallucinogen in man.
*5 An antidepressant rather than a hallucinogen in man.
*6 Based on anonymous reports in the lay press. No clinical studies have been
   published.
*7 No oral activity with doses up to 20 mg, may be parenterally active.

Other potentially psychedelic tryptamines include
6-fluoro-alfa-methyltryptamine, 7-methyltryptamine, 5-methyltryptamine,
5-fluorotryptamine, 6-fluorotryptamine and 5- and 6-fluorotryptophans.

MAO Inhibitors and Tryptamines

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is the primary inactivation pathway of most
tryptamines. Because of this, inhibitors of the MAO enzyme (MAOIs) can be
used to potentiate the effects of tryptamines and to make DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
orally active.

MAO inhibitors fall into two classes: Irreversible and reversible MAOIs.
Irreversible MAOIs (e.g. the hydrazides iproniazid and phenelzine) bind
permanently to the enzyme and cause MAO inhibition lasting 1-2 weeks after
ingestion. They are used clinically to treat depression. Reversible MAOIs,
such as moclobemide, which is used as an antidepressant, and the beta-
carbolines harmine and harmaline, are effective for much shorter time, maybe
up to 24 hours. Recreational drug users around the world are using mainly
harmine and harmaline despite the lack of scientific studies on their
effects on humans.

Natives of Amazon have traditionally combined Banisteriopsis caapi vine,
which contains harmine, harmaline and related beta-carbolines, with DMT-
containing plants to make an orally active brew called ayahuasca. Other
plants containing harmine and/or harmaline can be substituted for B.
caapi. The usual 'North-American ayahuasca' consists of Peganum harmala
seeds and Desmanthus illinoensis roots, and in Australian 'acaciahuasca'
leaves of Acacia complanata are combined with material from DMT-containing
acacias (the effectivity of this mixture hasn't been confirmed). MAOIs
have also been used to potentiate the effects of mushrooms containing
psilocybin. Terence McKenna has mentioned chocolate being a weak MAOI, which
could be a reason for the popular habit of ingesting mushrooms with cocoa.

Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) seeds are the most concentrated natural source
of harmine and harmaline - about 3% of their weight consists of these
alkaloids. Banisteriopsis caapi has been found to contain from 0.18% to
1.36% beta-carbolines, with the concentration of harmine being from 0.057%
to 0.635% (McKenna et al. 1984). According to anecdotal reports one gram
of P. harmala seeds ingested inhibits MAO enough to make DMT orally active.

Harmine and harmaline are hallucinogenic on their own with doses
starting from around 300 mg (Naranjo 1967). They have little emotional
or 'psychedelic' effects, but produce strong visual hallucinations. Because of
this the natives of Amazon often add larger amounts (75-100 cm of stem per
dose) of B. caapi to ayahuasca brew than is needed for MAO inhibition
(Luna 1984).

There are significant dangers in using MAO inhibitors. MAOIs potentiate
the cardiovascular effects of tyramine and other monoamines found in
foods. Ingestion of aged cheese, beer, wine, pickled herring, chicken liver,
yeast, large amounts of coffee, citrus fruits, canned figs, broad beans,
chocolate or cream while MAO is inhibited can cause a hypertensive
crisis including a dangerous rise in blood pressure. Effects of
amphetamines, general anaesthetics, sedatives, anti-histamines, alcohol,
potent analgesics and anticholinergic and antidepressant agents are
prolonged and intensified. Overdosage of MAOIs by themselves is also
possible with effects including hyperreflexia and convulsions.

Self-Synthesis of DMT Derivatives

Tryptamine derivatives and beta-Carbolines have been detected as
endogenous metabolites in mammals, including humans. Methyl transferases
that catalyze the synthesis of tryptamines, including DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and
bufotenine, are found in human lung, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, liver
and heart (McKenna & Towers 1984). In the pineal gland MAO is the primary
inactivation pathway of serotonin, a neurotransmitter synthesized from the
amino acid tryptophan. If MAO is blocked by harmine, harmaline or other MAO
inhibitors serotonin can be converted by the methyltransferase enzymes
HIOMT and INMT into psychedelic tryptamines (serotonin --(HIOMT)-->
5-MeO-trypt. --(2*INMT)--> 5-MeO-DMT).

So, ingesting l-tryptophan to increase serotonin levels, a candy bar to
increase the amount of tryptophan getting to your brain and natural
plant material containing 25-50 mg harmine/harmaline to block MAO, all at the
same time, is supposed to cause your pineal gland to synthesize substantial
amounts of 5-MeO-DMT (Most 1986). This is extremely dangerous for persons
with existing amine imbalance or schizophrenia. For normal, healthy people
possible consequences are bad.

A potent inhibitor of INMT, which is a necessary enzyme for the synthesis
of DMT and 5-MeO-DMT, is found in particularly high concentrations in the
pineal gland. A bypassing or inhibition of the synthesis of this inhibitor
might be responsible for trances and other psychedelic states achieved
"without drugs" (Strassman 1990). See Strassman's article for more info and
speculation about the pineal gland.

Psychedelic Toads

Bufotenine and related 5-hydroxy-indolethylamines are common constituents
of venoms of the genera Hyla, Leptodactylus, Rana and Bufo. Bufotenine
is not psychedelic in reasonable doses (with larger doses there are
dangerous physiological side effects), but the skin of one species, Bufo
alvarius, contains 50-160 mg 5-MeO-DMT/g of skin (Daly & Witkop 1971).
It's the only Bufo species known to contain a hallucinogenic tryptamine
(McKenna & Towers 1984). Most (1984) gives instructions for collecting
and drying the venom:

  Fresh venom can easily be collected without harm to the toad. Use a flat
  glass plate or any other smooth, nonporous surface at least 12-inches
  square. Hold the toad in front of the plate, which is fixed in a vertical
  position. In this manner, the venom can be collected on the glass plate,
  free of dirt and liquid released when the toad is handled.
    When you are ready to begin, hold the toad firmly with one hand and, with
  the thumb and forefinger of your other hand, squeeze near the base of the
  gland until the venom squirts out of the pores and onto the glass plate. Use
  this method to systematically collect the venom from each of the toad's
  granular glands: those on the forearm, those on the tibia and femur of the
  hind leg, and, of course, the parotoids on the neck. Each gland can be
  squeezed a second time for an additional yield of venom if you allow the toad
  a one-hour rest preiod. After this the glands are empty and require four to
  to six weeks for regeneration.
    The venom is viscous and milky-white in color when first squeezed from the
  glands. It begins to dry within minutes and acquires the color and texture
  of rubber cement. Scrape the venom from the glass plate, dry it thoroughly,
  and store it in an airtight container until you are ready to smoke it.

Davis and Weil (1992) smoked the venom and described what happened:

  In comparison to the pure compounds the toad venom appears longer lasting
  and, because one does not completely lose contact with reality, far more
  pleasant, even sensual. Shortly after inhalation I experienced warm flushing
  sensations, a sense of wonder and well-being, strong auditory hallucinations,
  which included an insect-cicada sound that ran across my mind and seemed to
  link my body to the earth. Though I was indoors, there was a sense of the
  feel of the earth, the dry desert soil passing through my fingers, the stars
  at midday, the scent of cactus and sage, the feel of dry leaves through hands.
  Strong visual hallucinations in orblike brilliance, diamond patterns that
  undulated across my visual field. The experience was in every sense pleasant,
  with no disturbing physical symptoms, no nausea, perhaps a slight sense of
  increased heart rate. Warm waves coursed up and down my body. The effects
  lasted only a few minutes but a pleasant afterglow continued for almost an
  hour. (Wade Davis, personal observation, January 12, 1991)

  Profound alteration of consciousness within a few seconds of exhaling. I
  relax into a deep, peaceful interior awareness. There is nothing scary about
  the effects and no sense of toxicity. I try to describe my feelings but am
  unable to talk for the first five minutes and then only with some difficulty.
  This is a powerful psychoactive drug, one that I think would appear to most
  people who like the effects of hallucinogens. For the next hour I feel slow
  and velvety, with a slight pressure in my head. No long-lasting effects to
  report. (Andrew T. Weil, personal observation, January 12, 1991)

The Fungi

Family: Bolbitiaceae
Genus:    Agrocybe
Species: farinacea

Contains psilocybin (Koike et al. 1981).

Genus:  Conocybe
Species: cyanopus
     kuehneriana
         siligineoides
     smithii

C. cyanopus (Benedict et al. 1962) and in C. smithii (Benedict et al. 1967)
contain psilocybin and psilocin while C. kuehneriana contains psilocin only
(Ohenoja et al. 1987). C. siligineoides may also contain these alkaloids
(Schultes & Hofmann 1979 p. 40).

Family: Coprinaceae
Genus:  Copelandia
Species: anomala
     bispora
     cambodginiensis
     cyanescens
     tropicalis

All species contain psilocin and psilocybin, for C. cyanescens (Schultes
& Hofmann 1979 p. 40) and for C. cambodginiensis as well as C. tropicalis
(Arora, 1986), and for C. anomala as well as C. bispora (Merlin & Allen,
1993).

Genus:  Panaeolina
Species: foenisecii

P. foenisecii contains psilocybin (Robbers et al. 1962).

Genus:  Panaeolus
Species: antillarum
     ater
     campanulatus
         firmicola
         olivacens
     papilionaceus
         retirugis
         separatus
         sphinctrinus
         subbalteatus

Several Panaeolus species contain psilocybin.  For P. antillarum refer to
Allen et al. (1991), for P. ater refer to Bresinsky et al. (1990), for
P. papilionaceus (Gurevich et al. 1992), for P. retirugis (Fiussello et al.
1971/72), for P. separatus (Miller Jr. 1972), for P. sphinctrinus (Hein &
Wasson, 1958 p. 322) and for P. olivacens (Ohenoja et al. 1987).
P. subbalteatus contains both psilocin and psilocybin (Ohenoja et al. 1987)
but was known to be hallucinogenic since 1959 (Stein, 1959). P. firmicola
is also described as hallucinogenic and probably contains the same alkaloids
(Schultes, 1979).

Genus:    Psathyrella
Species: candollenana

Contains psilocybin (Koike et al. 1981) and psilocin (Ohenoja et al. 1987).

Family: Cortinariaceae
Genus:  Galerina
Species: steglichii

Contains psilocybin and psilocin (Besl, 1993).

Genus:  Gymnopilus
Species: aeruginosus
     liquiritiae
     luteus
     purpuratus
         spectabilis
     validipes
     viridans

Many Gymnopilus contain psilocybin, for G. aeruginosus, G. luteus,
G. spectabilis, G. validipes and G.viridans refer to Hatfield et al.
(1978). For G. liquiritiae (Koike, 1981) and for G. purpuratus (Gartz 1991).

Genus:  Inocybe
Species: aeruginascens
         coelestium
         corydalna
         haemacta
         tricolor

These contain psilocin and psilocybin, for P. aeruginascens refer to
Haeselbarth et al. (1985) and for the others Stijve et al. (1985).

Family: Pluteaceae
Genus:  Pluteus
Species: atricapillus
     nigroviridis
         salicinus

P. atricapillus contains psilocybin (Ohenoja et al. 1987) while both
P. salicinus (Saupe 1981) and P. nigroviridis (Christiansen et al. 1984)
contain psilocin and psilocybin.

Family: Strophariaceae
Genus:  Psilocybe
Species: 75 Known Hallucinogenic species +
         aucklandii
         coprophila
         crobulus
         samuiensis

There are at least 75 mushroom species in this genera that contain psilocin
and psilocybin in Guzman 1983, and there are several more recently discovered
species such as P. aucklandii (Guzman et al. 1993) and P. samuiensis (Guzman et
al. 1991). Also P. coprophila, while lacking psilocin (making it a non-blueing
psilocybe) is known to contain psilocybin (Arora, 1986). P. crobulus is also
known to be hallucinogenic (Phillips, 1981).

The Plants

Family: Acanthaceae
Genus:  Justicia
Species: pectoralis (var. stenophylla)

Waikas of Orinoco headwaters in Venezuela add dried and pulverized
leaves of this herb to their Virola-snuff. Intensely aromatic smelling
leaves probably contain tryptamines (Schultes 1977). Plants are available
from ..Of the jungle (PO Box 1801 sebastopol CA 95473) for $35.

Family: Aizoaceae
Genus:  Delosperma

Contains DMT and N-methyltryptamine (see Smith 1977 for references).

Family: Alariaceae
Genus:  Ecklonia
Species: maxima

DMT is found in brown seaweed extract sold as Kelpak (Crouch et al. 1992).

Family: Apocynaceae
Genus:  Prestonia
Species: amazonica?

Contains DMT (Smith 1977).

Family: Cactaceae
Genus:  Echinocereus
Species: salm-dyckianus
         triglochidiatus

These cacti growing in Mexico are known to Tarahumare Indians as peyote or
hikuli and used in their festivals. E. triglochidiatus contains a tryptamine
derivative, possibly 5-MeO-DMT (Bye 1979). E. salm-dyckianus is also supposed
to contain tryptamines according to Horus Botanicals catalog 1992.

Genus:  Trichocereus
Species: terscheckii "Cardon grande"

DMT has been isolated from this species growing in North-Western
Argentina (Schultes & Hofmann 1979 p. 58).

Family: Caesalpininaceae
Genus:  Petalostylis
species: cassiodies

Leaves and stem contain 0.4-0.5% tryptamine, DMT and other alkaloids
(Johns et al. 1966).

Family: Fabaceae
Genus:  Desmodium
Species: gangetium
         gyrans
         tiliaefolium
         triflorum

Leaves, root, stem and seeds contain DMT and 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT of wet weight
(Banerjee & Ghosal 1969).

Genus:  Lespedeza
Species: bicolor

Leaves and root contain DMT and 5-MeO-DMT (Smith 1977). Seeds of this hardy
perennial shrub are available from ..Of the jungle for $5.

Genus:  Mucuna
Species: pruriens

Leaves, stem and fruit of this jungle vine contains DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
(Smith 1977). Seeds are available from ..Of the jungle for $5.

Genus:  Phyllodium
Species: pulchellum

Dried plant material produced 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT and small amounts of DMT (Ghosal &
Mukherjee 1966).

Family: Mimosaceae
Genus:  Anadenanthera
species: colubrina
         peregrina

Black beans from these trees are toasted, pulverized and mixed with ashes
or calcined shells to make psychedelic snuff called yopo by Indians in
Orinoco basin in Colombia, Venezuela and possibly in southern part of
Brasilian Amazon. Yopo is blown into the nostrils through bamboo tubes
or snuffed by birdbone tubes. The trees grow in open plain areas, and
leaves, bark and seeds contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds
(Schultes 1976,1977; Pachter et al. 1959).

Genus:  Acacia
Species: confusa
         jurema
         maidenii
         niopo
         nubica
         phlebophylla
         polycantha subsp. campylacantha
         senegal
     simplicifolia

Dried A. confusa stems contain 0.04% N-methyltryptamine and 0.02% DMT
(Arthur et al. 1967). The dried leaves of A. phlebophylla contain 0.3% DMT
(Rovelli & Vaughan 1967). The bark of A. maidenii contains 0.6% of
N-methyltryptamine and DMT in the proportions approx. 2:3 (Fitzgerald
& Sioumis 1965). A. simplicifolia also contains DMT (Poupat et al. 1976).
Seeds of several acacia species are available from ..Of the jungle.

Genus:  Desmanthus
Species: illinoensis "Illinois Bundleflower"

Thompson et al. report that the root bark of this North American perennial
shrub contains 0.34% DMT and 0.11% N-methyltryptamine. The bark accounts
for about a half of the total weight of the roots. The plant should be
resistant to cold and draught and easy to grow. ..Of the Jungle sells D.
illinoensis seeds and dried roots (seed packet $3, 7 grams $10, oz $25;
roots 4 oz $15, pound $50). Seeds are also available from more main-stream
mail-order houses.

Genus:  Mimosa
Species: tenuiflora (== hostilis) "tepescohuite"
         verrucosa

The roots of M. hostilis, which is not the common houseplant M. pudica
("sensitive plant"), contain 0.57% DMT and are used by Indians of Pernambuso
State in Brazil as part of their Yurema cult (Pachter et al. 1959, Schultes
1977, Meckes-Lozoya et al. 1990). Bark of M. verrucosa also contains DMT
(Smith 1977).

Family: Malpighiaceae
Genus:  Banisteriopsis
Species: argentea
         rusbyana

Natives of western Amazon add DMT-containing leaves of the vine B. rusbyana
to a drink made from B. caapi, which contains beta-carbolines harmine and
harmaline, to heighten and lengthen the visions (Schultes 1977, Smith 1977).

Family: Myristicaceae
Genus:  Virola
Species: calophylla
     calophylloidea
      rufula
     sebifera
      theiodora

The bark resin of these trees is used to prepare hallucinogenic snuffs
in northwestern Brazil by boiling, drying and pulverizing it. Sometimes
leaves of a Justicia are added. The snuff acts rapidly and violently,
"effects include excitement, numbness of the limbs, twitching of facial
muscles, nausea, hallucinations, and finally a deep sleep; macroscopia is
frequent and enters into Waika beliefs about the spirits resident in the
drug." Snuffs made from V. theiodora bark contain up to 11% 5-MeO-DMT and
DMT. Also leaves, roots and flowers contain DMT.

Amazonian Colombia natives roll small pellets of boiled resin in a
evaporated filtrate of bark ashes of Gustavia Poeppigiana and ingest
them to bring on a rapid intoxication (Smith 1977, Schultes 1977).

Family: Pandanaceae
Genus:  Pandanus "Screw pine"

DMT has been isolated from Pandanus nuts growing in New Guinea (Barrau 1958,
1962).

Family: Poaceae
Genus:  Arundo
Species: donax

Leaves, flowers and rhizomes contain DMT, bufotenine and related compounds
(Ghosal et al. 1972).

Genus:  Phalaris
Species: aquatica (tuberosa)
         arundinacea

Leaves of P. arundinacea and leaves and seedlings of P. aquatica
contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds (Smith 1977). P.
arundinacea plants are available from ..Of the jungle for $15.

Family: Rubiaceae
Genus:  Psychotria
Species: carthaginensis
     viridis (psychotriaefolia)

Psychotria leaves are added to a hallucinogenic drink prepared from
Banisteriopsis caapi and B. rusbyana (which contain beta-carbolines) to
strengthen and lengthen the effects in western Amazon. P. carthaginensis
and P. viridis both contain DMT (Rivier, 1972). 5 seeds of P. viridis
cost $10 from ..Of the jungle.

Family: Rutaceae
Genus:  Dictyoloma
Species: incanescens

Bark contains 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT (Pachter et al. 1959).

Genus:  Vepris
Species: ampody

Contains DMT (Smith 1977).

References

Arora, D. 1986. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy
  Fungi. Ten Speed Press, Berkley.
Arthur, H.R., Loo, S.N. & Lamberton, J.A. 1967. Nb-methylated tryptamines
  and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong. Aust. J
  Chem. 20, 811.
Banerjee, P.K. & Ghosal, S. 1969. Simple indole bases of Desmodium gangeticum.
  Aust. J Chem. 22, 275.
Barrau, J. 1958. Nouvelles observations au sujet des plantes hallucinogenes
  d'usage autochtone en Nouvelle-Guinee. J Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 5, 377-378.
Barrau, J. 1962. Observations et travaux recents sur les vegetaux
  hallucinogenes de la Nouvelle-Guinee. J Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 9, 245-249.
Benedict, R.G., Brady, L.R., Smith, A.H. & Tyler, V.E. 1962. Occurrence of
  psilocybin and psilocin in certain Conocybe and Psilocybe species. Lloydia
  25, 156-159.
Benedict, R.G., Tyler, V.E. & Watling, R. 1967. Blueing in Conocybe, Psilocybe
  and a Stropharia Species and the Dectection of Psilocybin. Lloydia 30(2),
  150-157.
Besl, H. 1993. Galerina steglichii spec. nov., a hallucinogenic Galerina.
  Zeitschrift fuer Mykologie 59(2), 215-218.
Bresinsky, A. & Besl, H. 1990. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi. Wolfe
  Publishing Ltd, London.
Bye, R.A. 1979. Hallucinogenic plants of the Tarahumara. J.
  Ethnopharmacology 1, 23-48.
Christiansen, A.L., Rasmussen, K.E. & Hoeiland, K. 1984. Detection of
  psilocybin and psilocin in Norwegian species of Pluteus and Conocybe.
  Planta Med. 50, 341-343.
Crouch, I.J., Smith M.T., Van Staden J., Lewis, M.J. & Hoad, G.V. 1992.
  Identification of auxins in a commercial seaweed concentrate. J Plant
  Physiology 139(5), 590-594.
Daly, J.W. & Witkop, B. 1971. Chemistry and pharmacology of frog venoms.
  In: Venomous animals and their venoms. Vol II. New York: Academic Press.
Davis, W. & Weil, A.T. 1992. Identity of a New World Psychoactive Toad.
  Ancient Mesoamerica 3 (1992) 5, 51-59.
Fitzgerald, J.S. & Sioumis, A.A. 1965. Alkaloids of Australian
  Leguminosae V. Aust. J Chem. 18, 433.
Fiussello, N. & Ceruti-Scarti, J. 1971/72. Presenza di psilocibina edi
  5-idrossi-indolderivati in Panaeolus retirugis. Atti Acc. Sci. Torino
  106, 725-735.
Gartz, J. 1991. Influence of phosphate on fruiting and secondary metabolism
  of mycelia of Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe semilanceata and Gymnopilus
  purpuratus. Zeitschrift fuer Mykologie 57(1), 149-154.
Ghosal, S., Chaudhuri, R.K., Dutta, S.K. & Bhattacharya, S.K. 1972. Occurrence
  of curaromimetic indoles in the flowers of Arundo donax. Planta Med. 21, 22.
Ghosal, S. & Mukherjee, B. 1966. Indole-3-alkylamine Bases of Desmodium
  pulchellum. J, Org. Chem. 31, 2284.
Gurevich, L.S. 1993. Indole derivatives in certain Panaeolus species from East
  Europe & Siberia. Mycological Research 97(2), 251-254.
Gurevich, L.S. & Astapenko, V.V. 1992. Chromatographic study of some indole
  metabolites in Panaeolus basidiomycetes. Mikologiya I Fitopathologiga
  26(3), 189-194.
Guzman, G. 1983. The Genus Psilocybe. Beihefte Zur Nova Hedwingia 74, 1-439.
Guzman, G., Bandala, V.M. & Allen, J.W. 1993. A New Bluing Psilocybe from
  Thailand. Mycotaxon 26, 155-160.
Guzman, G., Bandala, V.M. & King, C. 1991. A New Species of Psilocybe of Section
  Zapotecorum from New Zealand. Mycological Research 95, 507-508.
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